{"id":2343,"date":"2020-03-24T11:15:53","date_gmt":"2020-03-24T09:15:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.atopika.org\/astma\/"},"modified":"2020-06-19T18:35:18","modified_gmt":"2020-06-19T16:35:18","slug":"astma","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/astma\/","title":{"rendered":"Astma"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2343\" class=\"elementor elementor-2343 elementor-1199\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0e8e6c elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0e8e6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e98aace\" data-id=\"e98aace\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5611dcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-template\" data-id=\"5611dcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"template.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-template\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"645\" class=\"elementor elementor-645\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b12155 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4b12155\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53b0b39 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53b0b39\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-983b980\" data-id=\"983b980\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b70a48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b70a48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astma je kroni\u010dna upalna bolest di\u0161nog sustava koja se o\u010dituje povremenom opstrukcijom di\u0161nih puteva. Kroni\u010dna upala di\u0161nih puteva uzrokuje pove\u0107anu osjetljivost na odre\u0111ene \u010dimbenike upale, \u0161to zauzvrat dovodi do respiratorne opstrukcije zbog poja\u010danog izlu\u010divanja sluzi i pretjeranog napinjanja glatkih mi\u0161i\u0107a u bronhima (bronhospazam).<\/p>\n<p>Dugotrajno no\u0161enje sa simptomima astme temelji se na smanjivanju upale izbjegavanjem okida\u010da ove bolesti koji se \u010desto nalaze u okolini, uzimanju protuupalnih lijekova i ograni\u010davanjem stanja koja pogor\u0161avaju astmu.<\/p>\n<h2>Uzrok<\/h2>\n<p>To\u010dan uzrok astme nije potpuno jasan; istra\u017eivanja povezuju njeno pojavljivanje sa kombinacijom \u010dimbenika iz okoli\u0161a i genetskom predispozicijom oboljele osobe. Smatra se da je astma koja se javlja prije dvanaeste godine prete\u017eno posljedica genetskih \u010dimbenika, dok na pojavu astme kasnije u \u017eivotu vi\u0161e utje\u010de okoli\u0161.<\/p>\n<p>Astma je tako\u0111er usko povezana s alergijskim rinitisom. Alergijski rinitis poga\u0111a \u010dak 20-30% stanovni\u0161tva, a gotovo polovica bolesnika uz alergijski rinitis razvije astmu. Pravilno lije\u010denje alergijskog rinitisa va\u017ean je korak u prevenciji astme, nosnih polipa i gubitka mirisa.<\/p>\n<h3>Genetika<\/h3>\n<p>Razvoj astme vjerojatniji je u obiteljima u kojima je bolest ve\u0107 prisutna. Postoji niz gena povezanih s astmom koji su uglavnom odgovorni za razvoj imunolo\u0161kog sustava, sintezu citokina (sekretornih proteina koji su uklju\u010deni u upalne reakcije i koje otpu\u0161taju odre\u0111ene imunolo\u0161ke stanice) ili kontrolu drugih upalnih mehanizama. Ekspresija gena uvjetovana je i \u010dimbenicima okoli\u0161a, kao i dobi djeteta koje je izlo\u017eeno.<\/p>\n<h3>Okoli\u0161<\/h3>\n<p>Pokazalo se da pu\u0161enje majke u trudno\u0107i ili nakon poroda\u00a0 pove\u0107ava vjerojatnost razvoja astme kod djeteta. Ostali \u010dimbenici \u00a0rizika uklju\u010duju virusne infekcije (posebno one koje uzrokuju upalu plu\u0107a ili bronhitis; naj\u010de\u0161\u0107i su rinovirusi, RSV, virus gripe, parainfluenza virus i adenovirusi) u ranom djetinjstvu, zaga\u0111enje zraka te pojava atopije i preosjetljivosti na prehrambene i inhalacijske antigene.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hladan i suh zrak, intenzivni mirisi<\/strong> i<strong> ubrzano disanje<\/strong> uslijed vje\u017ebanja ne uzrokuju astmu, ve\u0107 pokre\u0107u bronhospazam kod osobe s ve\u0107 postoje\u0107om bole\u0161\u0107u. Kod osjetljivog pojedinca imunolo\u0161ki odgovor, kada je izlo\u017een tim okida\u010dima, reagira pogor\u0161anjem upale, \u0161to zna\u010di da se lu\u010di vi\u0161e sluzi i poja\u010dava bronhospazam.<\/p>\n<h2>Patogeneza<\/h2>\n<p>U manjim di\u0161nim putevima protok zraka regulira se uz pomo\u0107 glatkih mi\u0161i\u0107a koji okru\u017euju lumen di\u0161nih puteva. Tijekom pogor\u0161anja astme, upaljeni di\u0161ni putevi reagiraju na okida\u010de iz okoline, \u0161to dovodi do kontrakcije tih mi\u0161i\u0107a i izravnog ograni\u010davanja ili \u010dak prekida protoka zraka. Pored<strong> bronhikonstrikcije<\/strong>, tako su\u017eene di\u0161ne puteve ometa i poja\u010dano lu\u010denje sluzi, \u0161to izaziva <strong>ka\u0161alj i druge respiratorne probleme.<\/strong> Zbog kroni\u010dne prirode bolesti, astmu karakterizira o\u0161te\u0107eni epitel, zadebljana bazalna membrana (s karakteristi\u010dnom eozinofilnom infiltracijom) i hipertrofija glatkih mi\u0161i\u0107a. Upalni proces uglavnom odr\u017eavaju pomo\u0107ni T limfociti i ostale imunolo\u0161ke stanice koje proizvode upalne citokine<strong> (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13).<\/strong> Bronhospazam se mo\u017ee razrije\u0161iti spontano ili nakon terapije, a u oko 50% slu\u010dajeva postaje dio odgo\u0111enog odgovora, koji nastupa 3-12 sati nakon izvornog napada i o\u010dituje se ponovnom bronhokonstrikcijom i upalom.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c9bc06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c9bc06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Okida\u010di<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-152390e elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-middle elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"152390e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1-alergeni-iz-narave1-150x150.png\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-1815\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1-alergeni-iz-narave1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1-alergeni-iz-narave1-230x230.png 230w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1-alergeni-iz-narave1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1-alergeni-iz-narave1.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Alergeni u prirodi<\/h4><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">obi\u010dno inhalacijski (pra\u0161ina ku\u0107nih ljubimaca, pelud, spore plijesni, stanice epitela ku\u0107nih ljubimaca)<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb442a0 elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-middle elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"cb442a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/23_drazece-snovi_100x100_siv.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-681\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Zaga\u0111enje zraka <\/h4><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\"> reaktivnim organskim spojevima (parfemi, mirisni sapuni, deterd\u017eenti, sredstvo za kosu, dezodoransi, osvje\u017eiva\u010di zraka itd.), cigaretni dim<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7eb4c7f elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-middle elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"7eb4c7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3-zdravila1-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-1808\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Lijekovi <\/h4><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">(aspirin, beta blokatori, ibuprofen, penicilin) - posebno kod odraslih<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bf3a84 elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-middle elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"8bf3a84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/21_alergeni_100x100_siv.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-675\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Hrana<\/h4><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">rijetko je astma jedini simptom (mlijeko, orasi, jaja)<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf2376e elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-middle elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"bf2376e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5-\u017eveplove-spojine1-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-1812\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5-\u017eveplove-spojine1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5-\u017eveplove-spojine1-230x230.png 230w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5-\u017eveplove-spojine1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5-\u017eveplove-spojine1.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Sumporni spojevi <\/h4><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">\u010desto u vinu kao konzervansu<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0119fd7 elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-middle elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"0119fd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6-fosilna-goriva1-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-1819\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6-fosilna-goriva1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6-fosilna-goriva1-230x230.png 230w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6-fosilna-goriva1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6-fosilna-goriva1.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Zaga\u0111enje zraka proizvodima fosilnih goriva <\/h4><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">vjerojatno jedan od glavnih razloga pove\u0107ane prevalencije astme u urbanim sredinama (smog, ozon, du\u0161ikov dioksid, sumporov dioksid)<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46ea27e elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-middle elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"46ea27e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7-klor1-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-1822\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7-klor1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7-klor1-230x230.png 230w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7-klor1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7-klor1.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Monokloramin<\/h4><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">klorirani bazeni<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d14b30 elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-middle elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"0d14b30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8-Virusne-oku\u017ebe12-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-1805\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8-Virusne-oku\u017ebe12-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8-Virusne-oku\u017ebe12-230x230.png 230w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8-Virusne-oku\u017ebe12-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8-Virusne-oku\u017ebe12.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Virusne infekcije <\/h4><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">naj\u010de\u0161\u0107i okida\u010d kod djece<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0aa1239 elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-middle elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"0aa1239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9-fizi\u010dna-aktivnost1-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-1826\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9-fizi\u010dna-aktivnost1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9-fizi\u010dna-aktivnost1-230x230.png 230w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9-fizi\u010dna-aktivnost1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9-fizi\u010dna-aktivnost1.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Tjelesna aktivnost<\/h4><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">vjerojatno kao rezultat pove\u0107ane izlo\u017eenosti suhom, hladnom zraku<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ab74b8 elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-middle elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"9ab74b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/10-stres1-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-1830\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/10-stres1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/10-stres1-230x230.png 230w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/10-stres1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/10-stres1.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h4 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Psiholo\u0161ki stres<\/h4><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">uklju\u010duju\u0107i smijeh<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c759ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"0c759ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01a0e1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"01a0e1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Znakovi i simptomi astme<\/h2>\n<p>Astma se klini\u010dki o\u010dituje kao isprekidan, ponavljaju\u0107i suhi ka\u0161alj s piskavicom i nedostatkom daha. Starija djeca i odrasli prijavljuju manjak zraka, dok je u mla\u0111e djece jedan od glavnih simptoma bol u prsima. Simptomi su izra\u017eeniji preko no\u0107i, posebno kod respiratornih infekcija ili prisutnosti alergena. Mogu se pojaviti uz napor, hiperventilaciju, suh i hladan zrak. U prisutnosti drugih alergijskih bolesti, kao \u0161to su alergijski rinitis, alergijski konjunktivitis, atopijski dermatitis i koji imaju pozitivnu obiteljsku anamnezu ove bolesti, ve\u0107a je vjerojatnost dijagnoze astme.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Astma kod djeteta uglavnom se dijeli na dvije vrste:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>a)<\/strong> ponavljaju\u0107e epizode piskavog disanja u<strong> ranom djetinjstvu, prvenstveno potaknute respiratornom infekcijom<\/strong> i obi\u010dno nestaju tijekom pred\u0161kolskog ili \u0161kolskog razdoblja \u2013 te\u0161ko disanje pri virusnim infekcijama,<\/p>\n<p><strong>b)<\/strong> kroni\u010dna astma <strong>povezana s alergijom<\/strong> koja se javlja u kasnijem djetinjstvu i \u010desto u odrasloj dobi.<\/p>\n<h2>Lije\u010denje<\/h2>\n<p>Cilj je pobolj\u0161ati simptome, odr\u017eati normalnu tjelesnu aktivnost, poha\u0111ati \u0161kolu i sprije\u010diti ponajvljaju\u0107a pogor\u0161anja simptoma.<\/p>\n<p>Lijekovi protiv astme dijele se na:<\/p>\n<p><strong>a) lijekove s dugotrajnim djelovanjem (blokatori, odnosno protuupalni lijekovi)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0inhalacijski glukokortikoidi,<\/li>\n<li>agonisti beta-receptora dugog djelovanja,<\/li>\n<li>teofilin,<\/li>\n<li>monoklonsko protutijelo koje ve\u017ee IgE.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>b) kratkotrajni (lijekovi koji olak\u0161avaju simptome)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>agonisti beta-receptora kratkog djelovanja,<\/li>\n<li>antikolinergijski lijekovi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Izvori<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Lambrecht%20BN%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=30995510\">Lambrecht B.N<\/a>.,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Hammad%20H%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=30995510\">Hammad H<\/a>.,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Fahy%20JV%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=30995510\">Fahy J.V<\/a>. \u00a0 The Cytokines of Asthma. \u00a0Immunity, 50(4): 975-991.<\/li>\n<li>Kliegeman R.M., Stanton B.F., Schor N.F. 2016. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 20 izdaja. Philadelphia: Elsevier.<\/li>\n<li>Tippets B., Guilbert T.W., Managing Asthma in Children: Part 1: Making the Diagnosis, Assessing Severity. Consultant for Pediatricians 8, 2009<\/li>\n<li>Kri\u017ei\u0161nik C. et. al. 2014. Pediatrija. 1. Izdaja. Ljubljana: DZS<\/li>\n<li>Murray and Nadel&#8217;s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, 4th Ed. Robert J. Mason, John F. Murray, Jay A. Nadel, 2005<\/li>\n<li>Pawankar R., Canonica G.W., Holgate S.T., Lockey R.F., Blaiss M.\u00a0The WAO White Book on Allergy (Update. 2013).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1939455119312232#!\">Tohidinik H.R., <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1939455119312232#!\">Mallah N., <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1939455119312232#!\">Takkouche B<\/a>. 2019. History of allergic rhinitis and risk of asthma; a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Allergy Organ J.12(10):100069.<\/li>\n<li>Asher M.I.\u00a0,\u00a0Montefort S.\u00a0,\u00a0Bjorksten B., Ali C.K., Sreachan D. P., Weiland S.K., Williams H., ISAAC Phase Three Study Group. \u00a0 Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. <em>Lancet,\u00a0368\u00a0(9537): 733-743. <\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cf8cddb elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-phone\" data-id=\"cf8cddb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Astma je kroni\u010dna upalna bolest di\u0161nog sustava koja se o\u010dituje povremenom opstrukcijom di\u0161nih puteva. Kroni\u010dna upala di\u0161nih puteva uzrokuje pove\u0107anu osjetljivost na odre\u0111ene \u010dimbenike upale, \u0161to zauzvrat dovodi do respiratorne opstrukcije zbog poja\u010danog izlu\u010divanja sluzi i pretjeranog napinjanja glatkih mi\u0161i\u0107a u bronhima (bronhospazam). Dugotrajno no\u0161enje sa simptomima astme temelji se na smanjivanju upale izbjegavanjem okida\u010da [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":25,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2343","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Astma - Atopika<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/astma\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hr_HR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Astma - Atopika\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Astma je kroni\u010dna upalna bolest di\u0161nog sustava koja se o\u010dituje povremenom opstrukcijom di\u0161nih puteva. Kroni\u010dna upala di\u0161nih puteva uzrokuje pove\u0107anu osjetljivost na odre\u0111ene \u010dimbenike upale, \u0161to zauzvrat dovodi do respiratorne opstrukcije zbog poja\u010danog izlu\u010divanja sluzi i pretjeranog napinjanja glatkih mi\u0161i\u0107a u bronhima (bronhospazam). Dugotrajno no\u0161enje sa simptomima astme temelji se na smanjivanju upale izbjegavanjem okida\u010da [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/astma\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Atopika\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ZavodAtopika\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-06-19T16:35:18+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1-alergeni-iz-narave1-150x150.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Procijenjeno vrijeme \u010ditanja\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"5 minuta\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/astma\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/astma\\\/\",\"name\":\"Astma - Atopika\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/astma\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/astma\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/05\\\/1-alergeni-iz-narave1-150x150.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-03-24T09:15:53+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-06-19T16:35:18+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/astma\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"hr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/astma\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"hr\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/astma\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/05\\\/1-alergeni-iz-narave1-150x150.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/05\\\/1-alergeni-iz-narave1-150x150.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/astma\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Astma\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/\",\"name\":\"Atopika\",\"description\":\"Zavod za izobra\u017eevanje, svetovanje in podporo bolnikom z atopijskim dermatitisom\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"hr\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Zavod Atopika\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"hr\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/LOGO-POZITIV-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/LOGO-POZITIV-1.png\",\"width\":802,\"height\":600,\"caption\":\"Zavod Atopika\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.atopika.org\\\/hr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/ZavodAtopika\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Astma - Atopika","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/astma\/","og_locale":"hr_HR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Astma - Atopika","og_description":"Astma je kroni\u010dna upalna bolest di\u0161nog sustava koja se o\u010dituje povremenom opstrukcijom di\u0161nih puteva. Kroni\u010dna upala di\u0161nih puteva uzrokuje pove\u0107anu osjetljivost na odre\u0111ene \u010dimbenike upale, \u0161to zauzvrat dovodi do respiratorne opstrukcije zbog poja\u010danog izlu\u010divanja sluzi i pretjeranog napinjanja glatkih mi\u0161i\u0107a u bronhima (bronhospazam). Dugotrajno no\u0161enje sa simptomima astme temelji se na smanjivanju upale izbjegavanjem okida\u010da [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/astma\/","og_site_name":"Atopika","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ZavodAtopika","article_modified_time":"2020-06-19T16:35:18+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"http:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1-alergeni-iz-narave1-150x150.png","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Procijenjeno vrijeme \u010ditanja":"5 minuta"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/astma\/","url":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/astma\/","name":"Astma - Atopika","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/astma\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/astma\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1-alergeni-iz-narave1-150x150.png","datePublished":"2020-03-24T09:15:53+00:00","dateModified":"2020-06-19T16:35:18+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/astma\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"hr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/astma\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"hr","@id":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/astma\/#primaryimage","url":"http:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1-alergeni-iz-narave1-150x150.png","contentUrl":"http:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1-alergeni-iz-narave1-150x150.png"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/astma\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Astma"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/","name":"Atopika","description":"Zavod za izobra\u017eevanje, svetovanje in podporo bolnikom z atopijskim dermatitisom","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"hr"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/#organization","name":"Zavod Atopika","url":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"hr","@id":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"http:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/LOGO-POZITIV-1.png","contentUrl":"http:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/LOGO-POZITIV-1.png","width":802,"height":600,"caption":"Zavod Atopika"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ZavodAtopika"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2343","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2343"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2343\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2343"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}