{"id":1683,"date":"2020-02-26T10:03:57","date_gmt":"2020-02-26T09:03:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.atopika.org\/what-is-atopic-dermatitis\/"},"modified":"2024-03-16T19:51:29","modified_gmt":"2024-03-16T18:51:29","slug":"what-is-atopic-dermatitis","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/en\/atopic-dermatitis\/what-is-atopic-dermatitis\/","title":{"rendered":"What is atopic dermatitis?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1683\" class=\"elementor elementor-1683 elementor-100\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-36749933 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"36749933\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-22362772\" data-id=\"22362772\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b7a3611 elementor-widget elementor-widget-template\" data-id=\"2b7a3611\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"template.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-template\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"645\" class=\"elementor elementor-645\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b12155 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4b12155\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-dce-background-image-url=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/ikona_o_bolezni_2.svg\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-23e10ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"23e10ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0d2145\" data-id=\"e0d2145\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-661c142f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"661c142f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Atopic dermatitis<\/strong> (or AD) is a chronic, inflammatory, recurring, non-infectious disease that was labelled as a \u201cskin\u201d condition for a very long time. <strong>The major symptom of atopic dermatitis is the severely itchy skin<\/strong>. Fifty years ago, experts worldwide maintained that allergies play an insignificant role in atopic dermatitis and that the main causes of the condition were the dry skin and the psychological state of the patient.<sup>3,5<\/sup>&nbsp; Unfortunately, the same mentality still persists to the present day.<\/p>\n<h3>When does atopic dermatitis first occur?<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Atopic dermatitis typically begins in <strong>early childhood<\/strong>. Symptoms develop after the first three months of a baby\u2019s life, sometimes even before that time (between the 4<sup>th<\/sup> and the 8<sup>th<\/sup> week). Approximately 80% of all patients become ill before reaching the age of 2.<sup>5<\/sup> The condition is a result of genetic and environmental factors and ranges in severity from mild and moderate to severe.<sup>12<\/sup> <strong>The number of atopic dermatitis patients has increased dramatically in the last few years, especially in the Western world<\/strong>. This is especially true for children. In years 1939 to 1964, 1.3\u20143% of children were affected by the condition. Between the years 1980 and 2005, the percentage of the little patients has risen to 20,<sup>5,25<\/sup>&nbsp; according to some sources, even to 30.<sup>21<\/sup>&nbsp; In one third of the children, atopic dermatitis disappears as they reach puberty. The other two thirds have the condition for life or see it recur later, in adulthood.<sup>5<\/sup> After the first onset of symptoms in early childhood, the illness persists for an average of six years.<sup>26 <\/sup>However, it can first appear or reappear at any stage in one\u2019s life. &nbsp;The percentage of adult patients ranges from 3 to 5%.<sup>18,26<\/sup><\/p>\n<h3>Atopic dermatitis types<\/h3>\n<p>Essentially atopic dermatitis can be divided into two types: the extrinsic (or allergic) type, which affects 80% of the patients, and the intrinsic (or non-allergic) type, which affects 20% of the patients.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The extrinsic type<\/strong> involves <strong>high levels of serum IgE antibodies<\/strong> and the presence of<strong> specific serum IgE antibodies<\/strong> for environmental and food allergens. The course of the illness for patients with the extrinsic type is much more<strong> complicated<\/strong> and <strong>difficult<\/strong> than for patients with the intrinsic type of atopic dermatitis.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The intrinsic type<\/strong> of atopic dermatitis involves <strong>normal ranges of serum IgE antibodies<\/strong> and the <strong>absence of any specific serum IgE antibodies<\/strong>.<sup>9<\/sup> This type is not yet well researched and it is possible that the patients may have specific serum IgE antibodies for allergens that are yet to be discovered.<sup>5,10<\/sup> The intrinsic type occurs much more often in children (especially girls) than in adults, begins <strong>later in life<\/strong> and has a <strong>milder<\/strong> course than the extrinsic type.<sup>17<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Patients of both types can develop <strong>eosinophilia<\/strong>.<sup>44<\/sup><\/p>\n<h3>Risk factors for developing atopic dermatitis<\/h3>\n<p>Risk factors for the development of atopic dermatitis are numerous: mutations in the gene for the production of filaggrin, family history of atopy, having a high education, living in a small family, living in an urban environment (the hygiene hypothesis), drinking alcohol and taking antibiotics during pregnancy, experiencing stress during pregnancy, experiencing stress in general, suffering from obesity, living in certain climates, living in places with high air pollution, etc.&nbsp;<sup>8,19-22,55<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Currently, there are two etiological hypotheses for atopic dermatitis that are not mutually exclusive.<sup>3,6,8,45<\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The epidermal barrier dysfunction hypothesis (the \u201cfrom-without\u201d concept):<\/strong> The hypothesis is based on the premise that atopic dermatitis is caused by a dysfunctional skin barrier, which is the result of a low level of lipids in the epidermis and the mutations in the filaggrin production gene. The gene mutation can be found in 15\u201450% of atopic dermatitis patients. The skin of such patients quickly loses moisture and is therefore dry, sensitive and can be penetrated by allergens and microorganisms, which trigger the immune system response.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The immune dysregulation hypothesis (the \u201cfrom-within\u201d concept):<\/strong> This hypothesis is based on the premise that atopic dermatitis is caused by a dysregulation in the immune system of the patients. The patients\u2019 bodies become more prone to inflammatory responses, which expresses itself as the imbalance in the functioning of Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes. In the acute phase of the illness, the body responds with a heightened level of Th2 cells, which leads to the increased production of serum IgE antibodies and lowers the production of the protein filaggrin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>The course of the illness<\/h3>\n<h4>Atopic dermatitis in babies<\/h4>\n<p>In babies, atopic dermatitis usually develops 3 months after birth, sometimes even between the 4<sup>th<\/sup> and the 8<sup>th<\/sup> week of the baby\u2019s life.&nbsp; Approximately 80% of the cases develop before the age of two.<sup>5<\/sup> The inflammation usually appears on the baby\u2019s cheeks, forehead, scalp and behind the ears. The skin changes may spread to the upper body and the extremities. <strong>The skin is red and dry, shows signs of scratching and rubbing, and can typically be found \u201cweeping\u201d.&nbsp;<\/strong> The area where the baby\u2019s skin comes in contact with the diaper is unaffected.<sup>12,13<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-657\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/fili-zakrit.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"287\" height=\"387\"><\/p>\n<h4>Atopic dermatitis in children<\/h4>\n<p>In children between the ages of 2 and 12, atopic dermatitis typically manifests itself as inflammatory hotspots in the bends of the elbows and knee and creases on the palms that can spread to other parts of the body. Skin is damaged in the mouth, eyelid and neck area, with the entire face being affected. The skin is thick, red, dry and scabby with signs of scratching. It can also typically peel off and become weepy.<sup>5,12,13<\/sup><\/p>\n<h4>Atopic dermatitis in teenagers and adults<\/h4>\n<p>Adult and teenage patients with atopic dermatitis typically <strong>experience complications of the condition<\/strong>. Just like in children, the inflammations cover different body parts and can spread from elbow and knee bends and palm creases to the rest of the body. The skin on the neck and the face is heavily affected, and 30% of the patients also develop inflammations all over their palms. The skin thickens, is red, dry and scabby, with scratching marks. It may peel off and become weepy. Frequently, other conditions develop alongside atopic dermatitis, such as <strong>asthma, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, depression,<\/strong> etc.<sup>5,6,12<\/sup><\/p>\n<h3>Accompanying conditions<\/h3>\n<p>Patients with atopic dermatitis very frequently also suffer from <strong>allergic conjunctivitis (hay fever)<\/strong>, <strong>asthma and food allergies.<\/strong> The state is known as the<strong> atopic triad<\/strong> (atopic dermatitis, hay fever, asthma) or the <strong>atopic march<\/strong> (atopic dermatitis, hay fever, asthma, food allergies). Two thirds of the patients with atopic dermatitis develop hay fever and one third (according to some sources even 50%) become affected with asthma. At least a third of the children with atopic dermatitis are found to be allergic to food. According to some sources, as much as 60% child patients show a reaction to the most common food allergens (milk, egg white, wheat flour, soy and peanuts).<sup>46,47<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed0d91f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ed0d91f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ANGAtopijski-dermatitis-Peludna-groznica-Astma-6.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7275\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ANGAtopijski-dermatitis-Peludna-groznica-Astma-6.png 750w, https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ANGAtopijski-dermatitis-Peludna-groznica-Astma-6-230x107.png 230w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b90707e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b90707e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The conditions in the atopic triad or the atopic marsh can develop in the opposite order.<sup>5,11<\/sup>\u00a0When the skin symptoms occur together with other atopic symptoms, we are witnessing a systemic condition that affects different organs.\u00a0 Given this fact, many experts have found it necessary to extend the narrow definition of<strong>\u00a0atopic dermatitis as a skin disease to the genetically and environmentally caused, systemic and autoimmune disease<\/strong>.<sup>3,5,17,29<\/sup><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-573b2593 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-phone\" data-id=\"573b2593\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d62a8a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-template\" data-id=\"7d62a8a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:120,&quot;sticky_parent&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_anchor_link_offset&quot;:0}\" data-widget_type=\"template.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-template\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"635\" class=\"elementor elementor-635\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f97f3ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f97f3ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-898de85\" data-id=\"898de85\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0c0816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu\" data-id=\"c0c0816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;dropdown&quot;,&quot;submenu_icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;&lt;i aria-hidden=\\&quot;true\\&quot; class=\\&quot;\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/i&gt;&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}\" data-widget_type=\"nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-2-c0c0816\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2773\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/en\/atopic-dermatitis\/the-history-of-atopic-dermatitis\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2774\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/en\/atopic-dermatitis\/what-is-atopic-dermatitis\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">About AD<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2775\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/en\/atopic-dermatitis\/atopic-dermatitis-triggers\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Triggers<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2776\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/en\/atopic-dermatitis\/diagnosis-atopic-dermatitis\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Diagnosis<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2777\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/en\/atopic-dermatitis\/treatment-for-atopic-dermatitis\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Treatment<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2778\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/en\/atopic-dermatitis\/mental-health-problems\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Mental health problems<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2779\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/en\/atopic-dermatitis\/red-skin-syndrome\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Red skin syndrome<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2780\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/en\/atopic-dermatitis\/atopic-dermatitis-research\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Research<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2781\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/en\/atopic-dermatitis\/frequently-asked-questions\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2782\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/en\/atopic-dermatitis\/references\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">References<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Atopic dermatitis (or AD) is a chronic, inflammatory, recurring, non-infectious disease that was labelled as a \u201cskin\u201d condition for a very long time. The major symptom of atopic dermatitis is the severely itchy skin. Fifty years ago, experts worldwide maintained that allergies play an insignificant role in atopic dermatitis and that the main causes of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":2473,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1683","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What is atopic dermatitis? - Atopika<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.atopika.org\/en\/atopic-dermatitis\/what-is-atopic-dermatitis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What is atopic dermatitis? - Atopika\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Atopic dermatitis (or AD) is a chronic, inflammatory, recurring, non-infectious disease that was labelled as a \u201cskin\u201d condition for a very long time. The major symptom of atopic dermatitis is the severely itchy skin. 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